Tv Food Essay Example for Free

Tv Food Essay Have you ever sat in front of the TV devouring tons of snacks and not even paid attention to how much you had already eaten? That is why this essay sparked my attention! I constantly find myself in front of the TV craving snacks and chomping away, not even thinking about how much I am eating. Dolly Mittal, Richard J. Stevenson, Megan J. Oaten, and Laurie A. Miller conducted an experiment to find out if our memory is a factor for what we’ve already eaten. One amnesiac patient HM started this idea when he sat down to eat a second meal immediately after consuming the first because he had forgotten he already had eaten. This experiment is trying to show that snacking while watching TV, in opposition to snacking while not watching TV, can lead us to eat more later on. They want to prove it is because the TV affects our memory of how much we snacked earlier. In experiment one they take thirty-two female women that are not dieting and not diabetic with a BMI between 18 and 25 and let them spend 20 minutes eating as much snack food as they want. They are given chocolate balls, pringles, coca cola, and orange juice. Half of these ladies did it watching a 20 minute TV episode and the other half did it sitting quietly. Afterwards the remains were taken and measured; both groups consumed around the same amount of snacks. Around one hour later they sat the ladies down to eat lunch which would include: sandwiches, biscuits, crackers and dip. They found the result they were looking for when the women who had watched TV earlier while snacking ate more of this meal than the ladies who had earlier snacked without the TV. The result was finale when the TV group also couldn’t remember how much they had snacked on during the time they watched the TV. In experiment two the experiment was very similar to experiment one except that they wanted to see if the type of TV show would affect anything. This time they had the ladies watch different types of shows- funny, sad, and boring. The results were very similar to the first experiment and they learned that the type of TV show made no difference to the food they consumed. It was confirmed that when normal weight non-dieting females snack while watching TV, they later consume more food on a TV free meal than participants who snacked without TV. Also, participants who watched TV while snacking were less accurate in remembering the amount of snack food they had consumed. Something that I thought was interesting about this experiment is that it doesn’t work on men. In the journal it is mentioned that men take a different approach to this and try to eat as much food as possible, yet in the beginning the amnesiac patient HM that Hebben reported was a male. I didn’t like that the women fasted before they came to do the experiment. It is not a real life situation. Most of the time when I’m snacking in front of the TV I might have already eaten before that or I am just about to eat. Also If I knew that this experiment was all about food – I do not know if I would have eaten what I normally do. I might have been embarrassed and not given correct information. There is no way to make this experiment work 100% but that is how it is with most experiments. They conclude †Our data suggest that TV probably exerts some as yet unspecified effect on participants’ ability to recall earlier bouts of food consumption, leading to over consumption on a later TV free test meal. As TV viewing is associated with eating in so many different ways and as over consumption of food is a major problem in most industrialized nations, it would seem important to study exactly how this occurs. â€Å" Obesity is a HUGE problem in our country and I think that this could possibly have something to do with it. Even small children are watching TV now with a bag of chips in one hand and a soda in the other. Our nation is constantly getting fatter. Now when I sit in front of the TV I will think about what I’m eating and apply what I know to help me consume the right amount of food.

Impact of Knowledge Sharing for Elderly Housing Support

Impact of Knowledge Sharing for Elderly Housing Support The Impact of Knowledge Sharing in the Provision of Floating Support in Sheltered Housing for the elderly. Abstract As the population ages, increasing number of vulnerable older people are living alone in own home, sheltered housing or residential care. The needs of the older people are constantly changing and there is need for long term support. Older people living in sheltered housing with complex and high needs require access to services with a network of different types of support; high staff cover and supervision. Supported people introduced floating support to aid people with high and complex needs. Floating support aimed at preventing homelessness among people with high difficulties; and intensive support, with out-of-hours cover, for people with high needs. Housing services, social services, ‘health services have to liaise and coordinate the services being provided. Knowledge sharing will help ease of the tensions and demands among the agencies. This paper, which is based on an on-going PhD project, begins by examining the field of sheltered housing for the elderly, discusses floating support and the key prayers providing the support. This is followed by analysis of knowledge sharing and potential factors that are important to a successful knowledge-sharing in providing floating support to the services provider. This paper concludes that , trust, motivation, effective communication, shared mindsets, training and leadership are the critical for effective knowledge sharing in provision of floating support in sheltered housing for the elderly. Effective gathering and sharing knowledge and information between supported Housing providers, social services and health and Care agencies through the establishment of the Knowledge sharing initiatives. Keywords: Knowledge sharing, sheltered housing, floating support and Provisions Nowadays Knowledge is regarded as a strategic resource in organizations, and thus the leverage of knowledge is a key managerial issue. Knowledge creation, sharing and dissemination are the main activities in knowledge management. This study examines the influence the social and technological factors such as learning culture and IT use, could have on knowledge sharing of King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) students. A cross-sectional survey was used as a methodology for data collection and 137 valid responses were collected from all the three categories of students that include graduates, undergraduates and preparatory students. The study shows that there is a significant positive relationship between the student learning culture and IT use on student knowledge sharing. The study limitations, practical implications, along with directions for further research are discussed.. Despite the strong interests among practitioners, there is a knowledge gap with regard to online communities of practice. This study examines knowledge sharing among critical-care and advanced-practice nurses, who are engaged in a longstanding online community of practice. Lack of knowledge and sharing knowledge with each other was also reflected on (Table 2 and Appendix). The participants from the specialized unit for demented people spoke about their lack of knowledge concerning demented people in general and they wanted more training. Their practical knowledge gained through long experience was put forward by the supervisor. Lack of resources, principally lack of time was another topic for reflection (Table 2 and Appendix). The participants spoke about the work with demented pensioners as time-consuming and that they hardly ever had the time they wanted, for instance to sit down and talk to the pensioners. The descriptions presented during the sessions and derived from practical experience could also support other staff who are dealing with the complexity of caring for demented people. The participants were given the opportunity of sharing their own knowledge with each other through comparing how they handled various tasks. Several studies show that staff who are given the opportunity to share their practical knowledge with others gain a wider variety of experience, attitudes, new ways, views and solutions to problems (Bulechek McCloskey 1985, Kadushin 1985). Johns (1995) emphasized that reflective practice always needs to be guided and that clinical supervision is central to the process of learning. Clinical supervision offers an ideal milieu for the guidance of reflective practice just as reflective practice offers an ideal method to structure what takes place within clinical supervision (Johns 1995). The benefits of these reflective discussions are not the focus of this study. It s eems reasonable, however, to assume that such well-designed discussions also help the nurses to achieve high quality care. (Olsson and Hallberg 1998) Effective knowledge sharing is vital to successful provision of floating support in sheltered housing for the elderly. There is still little knowledge available about home-based professional care for demented people and how to support it from a managerial point of view. In order to develop clinical supervision techniques further and to understand the home care staffs specific problems in their caring for demented people living in their own homes, it seems useful to study the content of supervision sessions. The professionals narratives during such sessions may contribute to a deeper understanding of professional home care for the demented. It is estimated that the best solution for elderly demented people is to stay at home, since their known environment can better support the maintenance of their personal lives and values. Staying at home supposedly gives demented people an opportunity to maintain ADL-performance, and promotes the individuals sense of self and integrity (Zgola 1988, Kihlgren 1990). Studies from Canada and the USA show that demented people remain in their homes during the major part of the disease (Alessi 1991, Gallo et al. 1991). It may well be that the circumstances are the same in Sweden. No studies, however, have been located. Usually demented people who stay at home are cared for by their own families (Dellasega 1991) and this is known to cause strain on the family caregiver (Given et al. 1990, Pushkar Gold et al. 1995). The family caregiver also seems to benefit from increased satisfaction and self-esteem related to taking on and carrying through the responsibility for their demented family membe r and they do not necessarily worry about their demented next of kin, as they tend to do if the demented becomes institutionalized (cf Stephens et al. 1991). On the other hand the family caregiver may suffer from social and affective limitations in his/her life especially at the beginning of the next of kins disease (Grafstrom et al. 1992) and Saveman et al. (1993) show that there is a risk of abuse of elderly people in informal care. Home care staff may have the opportunity to relieve such strain.(Olsson and Hallberg 1998) (Olsson and Hallberg 1998) Research on outcomes in supported housing has been very limited and most published studies are descriptive, rather than evaluative. Cost-effectiveness has generally not been investigated. The outcomes most commonly evaluated are satisfaction and quality of life. A recent GOSW research review has concluded that: Â § There are some beneficial effects of supported housing, particularly in relation to quality of life that could lead to improved health; Â § There is a lack of research into health related outcomes, such as re-admission rates or clinical symptoms; Â § The objective of promoting independence, as stated in the South West Regional Housing Strategy, should be assessed formally; Â § There is a need for formal evaluation of supported housing schemes to ensure that the projects meet the needs of the clients and the wider population. ABSTRACT In the area of knowledge management, many studies have been devoted to investigating how to design an effective knowledge-sharing system in organizations. These studies emphasized the importance of various aspects to the success of the knowledge-sharing system and provided us with hints concerning what critical factors we should consider in the design of a knowledge-sharing system for group learning. In this study, we aim at exploring the critical components of a successful knowledge-sharing system and influential aspects we should consider in the design of a system for group learning. To achieve this task, we conducted an experiment during a semester-long course. The participants in the experiment were the final-year undergraduate students of a business school in Hong Kong. Finally, several factors important to the success of a knowledge-sharing system were identified. Implications for teaching and learning were also provided. Keywords Knowledge sharing, group learning, critical success factor INTRODUCTION Knowledge sharing among students is believed to be an effective approach to facilitate studying and improve their academic performance. Therefore, how we should carry out successful knowledge sharing in the classroom is a meaningful topic and should be given some attention. To build a knowledge-sharing system is an approach worthy of effort in conducting effective knowledge sharing in school. However, which system aspects merit consideration is still a problem under investigation. Based on previous research, the present study explores potential factors that are important to a successful knowledge-sharing system and discusses some implications for academic teaching and learning. LITERATURE REVIEW In the area of knowledge management, many studies have been done to investigate how to establish an efficient system for sharing knowledge in organizations. These studies emphasized the importance of various aspects to the success of knowledge sharing system. For example, Almeida et als study (2002) emphasized the availability of multiple mechanisms, formal and informal, to share and transfer knowledge so as to flexibly and simultaneously move, integrate and develop technical knowledge. Besides, the organizational culture that is capable of supporting the flow of knowledge was also addressed as an important factor. Another study by Nelson and Cooprider (1996) empirically tested the relationships between IS performance and mutual trust and influence among IS groups and their line customers. They found that mutual trust can facilitate knowledge sharing and can then increase shared knowledge. Bryants paper (2003) mainly studied the role of leadership in organizational knowledge manageme nt by comparing the effect of transformational leadership and transactional leadership on knowledge sharing. The involvement of high technology in knowledge sharing is addressed by Hubers study (2001) that claimed that some of the barriers to knowledge sharing can to a certain extent be raised by utilizing appropriate technologies. A few studies noted the role of motivation in knowledge sharing. Most of them discussed the different effects of both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on knowledge sharing. It was believed that extrinsic motivation is a short-term approach and cannot create a lasting commitment to sharing knowledge (Kohn, 1993). Moreover, extrinsic motivation is also inappropriate if the knowledge shared is mainly tacit in nature (Osterloh et al., 2000). In Hansens paper (2002), the results showed that project teams who could conveniently access related knowledge from other units by virtue of pre-existing relationships could complete their projects faster than those who failed to do so. Thus, pre-existing relationships are also a facilitating factor due to their shortening the path among units who possess related knowledge. Lastly, a common language is also believed essential for effective knowledge sharing so that knowledge producers and recipients can achieve fluent and accurate communication in exchanging ideas and knowledge (Ali, 2001). EXPERIMENTAL SETUP For this study, we planned an experiment that was conducted during a course and lasted for whole semester. The participants in the experiment were the final-year undergraduate students of a business school. For the purposes of this experiment, we separated all students into different groups with each group consisting of five to six students. We then assigned relevant project topics to different groups and asked them to finish the projects by the end of semester. At the beginning, we counseled the participants that sharing knowledge is an effective way of improving performance and encouraged them to share their knowledge with their group mates as much as possible during the projects. MEASUREMENT A questionnaire was designed to test the participants perceptions concerning knowledge sharing based on their experience acquired in the group projects. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. In the first part, we selected eight factors based on past studies, including knowledge-friendly culture, motivational practices, multiple available channels, leader supportiveness, trust, pre-existing relationship, common language and level of technology. Participants were asked to indicate the extent to which each of these factors is important to the success of knowledge sharing. The second part had four items: Email, Knowledge repository, Face-to-face (F2F) meeting and Formal seminar. We ask participants to indicate the frequency with which they used each of the above methods to share knowledge with their group mates. We distributed the questionnaire to 91 students in a course and finally obtained 75 usable samples for further data analysis. RESULTS The mean, max and min values for each of the eight variables in the first part are summarized in Table 1. In addition, we conducted a series of paired t-tests to statistically compare every possible pair of means. Based on the results of the t-test (Table 2), we categorized the eight factors into five different groups: knowledge-friendly culture and motivational practices, multiple available channels and leader supportiveness, trust, pre-existing relationship and common language, and, lastly, level of technology. Trust Culture Motivation Channels Leader Relation Language Tech MEAN 6.04 5.84 5.76 5.52 5.51 5.12 5.27 4.71 MAX 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 MIN 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 1 Importance MAX MIN Table 1. Results of the first part Culture 2.15 Motivation 2.71 0.92 Channels 4.36 2.66 2.31 Leader 5.18 3.42 2.32 0.12 Relation 6.54 6.11 5.16 2.95 3.04 Language 6.31 4.22 3.66 1.98 1.96 0.95 Tech 9.28 8.41 6.83 5.03 5.73 2.70 3.50 t-value Trust Culture Motivation Channels Leader Relation Language Table 2. Results of paired t-test ( p In each above group that contains more than one factor, the factors are not statistically different from each other. For example, the knowledge-friendly-culture factor is perceived as equally important as the factor on motivational practice. We then prioritized these five groups in terms of their importance to the success of knowledge sharing by comparing their mean level. Obviously, building trust is the most important factor and the level of technology the least, as shown in Table 1. The mean, max and min values of the second part of the dataset are exhibited in Table 3. We also worked out the percentage of responses that rated the item more than 4 points. By referring to this percentage and checking the corresponding mean values, we can obtain information concerning how many of participants at least frequently used each method to share their knowledge with others. To conclude, F2F meeting is the most frequently used approach to sharing knowledge. Formal seminars, on the contrary, were the least used. F2F Email Repository Seminar MEAN 5.83 5.41 4.48 3.00 MAX 7 7 7 7 MIN 4 2 2 1 Frequent Usage 94.7% 85.3% 46.7% 21.3% Table 3. Data of the second part IMPLICATIONS Our study has essential implications for course teaching and learning. Our study suggests that in order to facilitate knowledge sharing among students, building trusting relationships is the first and most important step to take. Such trust can be built and strengthened via gradual mutual understanding. Therefore, there should be various opportunities and occasions for students to get to know each other. In this way, improved trust due to good understanding can raise the psychological barriers to communication and can then increase the students willingness to share knowledge. Moreover, a healthy culture should be fostered among students that learning from others and sharing what you know with others is the right thing to do and an effective way of improving study. In this arena, instructors play a particularly critical role. As for the sharing activity itself, increasing interactive communication between students is still an ideal way of proceeding. Whether in class or after class, s tudents should be provided with adequate opportunities for face-to-face discussions without the presence of instructors so that they can actively share knowledge during these discussions. Frequent formal seminars are not an effective approach for sharing knowledge because they hardly communicate with each other to exchange opinions and thoughts during the seminars. REFERENCES Ali, Y. (2001). The intranet and the management of making and using skills. Journal of Knowledge Management, 5, 338-348. Almeida, P., Song, J. and Grant, R. M. (2002). Are firms superior to alliances and markets? An empirical test of cross-border knowledge building. Organization Science, 13, 147-161. Bryant, S. E. (2003). The role of transformational and transactional leadership in creating, sharing and exploiting organizational knowledge. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 9, 32-44. Hansen, M. T. (2002). Knowledge networks: Explaining effective knowledge sharing in multiunit companies. Organization Science, 13, 232-248. Huber, G. P. (2001). Transfer of knowledge in knowledge management systems: unexplored issues and suggested studies. European Journal of Information Systems, 10, 72-79. Kohn, A. (1993). Why incentive plans cannot work. Harvard Business Review, 71,54-63. Nelson, K. M. and J. G. Cooprider (1996). The contribution of shared knowledge to IS group performance. MIS Quarterly, 20, 409-432. Osterloh, M. and Frey, B. S. (2000). Motivation, knowledge transfer, and organizational forms. Organization Science, 11, 538-550. Knowing in Community: 10 Critical Success Factors in Building Communities of Practice The Limits of Knowledge Management Many companies are discovering that the real gold in knowledge management is not in distributing documents or combining databases. In the last few years many companies have used the internet and other new information technology to link professionals across the globe to share documents or compare data. But many are discovering that the real value in knowledge management is in sharing ideas and insights that are not documented and hard to articulate. This undocumented, hard-to-articulate knowledge is what has been called tacit knowledge (Polanyi, 1958). A group of systems designers for a computer company tried to share their knowledge by storing their documentation for client systems in a common database. They soon discovered that they did not need each others documentation. They needed to understand the logic other system designers used — why that software, with that hardware and that type of service plan. They needed to understand the thinking of the other system designers. A petrophysicist trying to interpret unusual data from a deep sea oil well needed help from a colleague who had seen similar anomalies and could help him think through how to interpret it. Only in the course of the discussion were they able to understand the anomaly. A geologist faced with an array of new seismic tools needed to know which would be most useful in his particular application. A product development team at an auto company found through their internet that another development team had developed and rejected a design ideas similar to one they were considering. They needed to understand the reasons for the rejection and get feedback from the other team on the approach they were considering. A sales manager working with a particularly difficult client needed to know how sales managers for other product lines had dealt with that client. In all these cases people needed tacit knowledge; knowledge that was not documented, that their peers had never previously articulated, and t hat needed to be thought about to be shared (McDermott, 1999a). Using typical knowledge management methods to leverage tacit knowledge often results in information junkyards and empty libraries. At the heart of most knowledge management efforts is an attempt to document and share information, ideas and insights so they can be organized, managed and shared. But documenting tacit knowledge frequently does more harm than good. When a major computer company first introduced its knowledge site, it asked field engineers to place their files in a common database. But, like many other companies, this company soon discovered that their staff did not want to hunt through many, redundant entries. As one engineer said, My own file cabinet is bad enough, why would I want look through everyone elses file cabinet. Rather than a resource, the company had created an information junkyard, full of potentially good material that was too much trouble to sort through. The field engineers wanted someone familiar with their discipline to assess the material, decide what is important and to enrich the documents in the database by summarizing, combining, contrasting, and integrating them. This would make the junkyard useful. Another company instructed their professional staff to document key work processes so others could easily learn from them. Most staff felt their work was too varied to capture in a set of procedures, but eventually they completed the task. Within a year the database was populated, but little used, an empty library. Most people found the information to be too general to be useful. The help they needed was still in the experience — the tacit knowledge of their peers. Communities of Practice Leverage Thinking Ironically one of the oldest elements of organization is key to leveraging tacit knowledge, communities of practice. Communities of practice are groups of people who share information, insight, experience, and tools about an area of common interest (Wenger, 1998). A communitys focus could be on a professional discipline like reservoir engineering or biology a skill like machine repair or a topic like a technology, an industry, or a segment of a production process. In a manufacturing company, for example, communities were formed around steps in the production process. Shell Oil Co.s New Orleans operation, which is organized into cross-functional teams, formed them around key disciplines and topics that cross individual teams. Communities of practice have always been part of the informal structure of organizations. They form spontaneously as people seek help, try to solve problems, develop new ideas and approaches. Some say that spontaneous communities of practice have always been the real vehicle through which technical knowledge spreads through organizations. Spontaneous communities of practice are informal. People participate in them as their interest, time and energy dictates. Although they usually gel around a particular topic or domain, the specific issues they focus on change over time, as the needs and interests of their members change. Communities are held together by passionate interest and value. Communities of practice frequently form around topics community members have invested many years in developing; topics they are often passionately interested in, a science, a craft or a manufacturing process. But communities of practice are not just celebrations of common interest. They focus on practical aspects of a practice, everyday problems, new tools, developments in the field, things that work and dont. So people participate because the community provides value. Community members frequently turn to each other to help solve technical problems, like interpreting anomalous data. Because they are often linked, not only to each other but also to suppliers, universities and others outside their organization communities of practice, they often keep members informed of new developments in the field. Because community members share a common technical interest, they can share ideas and concerns with others who really unders tand. And praise from community members is often the most meaningful because technical peers really understand the difficulty of the work or the brilliance of an analysis. As a result, people often have a great deal of their professional identity tied up in their communities. Communities of practice link people in many ways. Communities frequently link people with a common interest who do not have regular day-to-day contact. For example, in Shell Oils New Orleans operation, communities link people who work on different teams. In this double knit organization (McDermott, 1999b) teams are the core organizational structure. Communities form around technical disciplines and topics that draw people from many teams. Each community operates in its own way, but the Turbodudes community is fairly typical. The Turbodudes draw people from different disciplines (geology, geophysics, petrophysics, reservoir engineering) who are interested in a particular kind of geological structure common in the Gulf of Mexico, turbidites. The Turbodudes stay together through five key components: a coordinator, mentors, a weekly meeting, presentations by outside vendors, and a website that stores topics discussed at previous meetings. For the last two years the Turbodudes have met ev ery Tuesday at 7:30 in the morning, before the other organizational meetings begin. Typically twenty to forty people come to the meetings. While there are often many new faces at the meetings, there is a core group of ten high-contributors who make most of the meetings. The meetings seem very informal. The coordinator asks who has a question or problem. After a short presentation, others offer their observations, describing the logic or assumptions they made in formulating those observations. A technical specialist takes notes on her computer. The following day meeting notes are posted on the communitys website. While the meeting only lasts an hour, people often leave in small groups hotly engaged in discussions of the meetings topic. But these meetings are not as informal as they seem. Between meetings the coordinator walks the halls connecting people with others who share similar concerns, following up on the meetings topics, and finding topics for the next meeting. To keep discus sions focused on cutting edge topics and to keep senior community leaders engaged, the community developed a mentorship program for people new to the field. The mentorship program provides an avenue for basic questions and distributes the job of educating new community members in an equitably. Communities thrive on trust. One of the main dynamics of the Turbodudes and many other communities of practice is that members ask for and offer help solving technical problems. Regularly helping each other makes it easier for community members to show their weak spots and learn together in the public space of the community. Having frank and supportive discussions of real problems frequently builds a greater sense of connection and trust between community members. As they share ideas and experiences, community members often develop a shared way of doing things, a set of common practices, and a greater sense of common purpose. Sometimes they formalize these in guidelines and standards, but often they simply remain what everybody knows about good practice. In the course of helping each other, sharing ideas, and collectively solving problems, everybody often becomes a trusted group of peers. Communities of practice are ideal vehicles for leveraging tacit knowledge because they enable person-to-person interaction and engage a whole group in advancing their field of practice. As a result, they can spread the insight from that collaborative thinking across the whole organization Critical Success Factors for Community Building Communities of practice are a new/old kind of organizational form. Even though communities of practice have been part of organizations for many generations, we have only recently begun to understand their dynamics and tried to intentionally develop them. Because they are organic, driven by the value they provide to members, organized around changing topics, and bound by peoples sense of connection, they are very different from teams and other organizational forms most of us are familiar with (McDermott, 1999b; Wenger Snyder, 2000). The challenges they pose and the factors in making them successful are also different. There are four key challenges in starting and supporting communities capable of sharing tacit knowledge and thinking together. The management challenge is to communicate that the organization truly values sharing knowledge. The community challenge is to create real value for community members and insure that the community shares cutting edge thinking, rather than sophisticated copying. The technical challenge is to design human and information systems that not only make information available but help community members think together. And the personal challenge is to be open to the ideas of others and maintain a thirst for developing the communitys practice. Ten factors, dealing with each of these challenges, are critical to the success of communities of practice. Without them, communities tend to flounder or fail. Critical Success Factors in Building Community Management Challenge 1. Focus on topics important to the business and community members. 2. Find a well-respected community member to coordinate the community. 3. Make sure people have time and encouragement to participate. 4. Build on the core values of the organization. Community Challenge 5. Get key thought leaders involved. 6. Build personal relationships among community members. 7. Develop an active passionate core group. 8. Create forums for thinking together as well as systems for sharing information. Technical Challenge 9. Make it easy to contribute and access the communitys knowledge and practices. Personal Challenge 10. Create real dialogue about cutting edge issues. The Management Challenge Knowledge management, like total quality and reengineering has become the latest of management fads. Many professionals have found that if they just keep their heads low they can escape the extra work and impact of these fads. With so many pressures drawing on their time, it is often hard to get the attention of professional staff. Four factors can communicate that management really does support knowledge-sharing communities. 1. Focus on knowledge important to both the business and the people. To show that communities of practice are important, form them around topics at the heart of the business, where leveraging knowledge will have a significant financial or competitive impact. Communities of practice at Shell, a very technically oriented company, started around technical topics. At a manufacturing company, we formed the first communities around major steps of the manufacturing process

Introduction to Malaysia

Introduction to Malaysia Submitted by Harkomal Singh Khaira Submitted to Alen mataia Student Id No 21601024 MALAYSIAN CUISINE Road nourishment a cook get ready murtabak at a mamak slow down Malaysian nourishment contains cooking traditions and practices found in Malaysia, and mirrors the multiethnic makeup of its population.[1]The overwhelming some portion of Malaysias masses can by and large be apportioned among three critical ethnic get-togethers: Malays, Chinese and Indians. Whatever is left of the indigenous social orders of Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia, the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia, the Peranakan and Eurasian creole gatherings, and furthermore an essential number of outside pros and segregates. Accordingly of chronicled relocations, colonization by remote forces, and its topographical position inside its more extensive home locale, Malaysias culinary style in the present day is fundamentally a melange of customs from its Malay, Chinese, Indian, Indonesian and ethnic Bornean nationals, with overwhelming to light impacts from Thai, Portuguese, Dutch, and British foods, to give some examples. This brought about an orchestra of flavors, making Malaysian cooking profoundly perplexing and various. Since Peninsular Malaysia imparts a typical history to Singapore, it is basic to discover adaptations of a similar dish crosswise over both sides of the outskirt paying little respect to place of birthplace, for example, laksa and chicken rice. Additionally as a result of their nearness, notable relocations and close ethnic and social family relationship, Malaysia offers culinary ties with Indonesia,[2] as both countries frequently share certain dishes, for example, satay, rendang and sambal. The Flag of Malaysia, otherwise called the (Malay: Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of Glory)), is made out of a field of 14 exchanging red and white stripes along the fly and a blue canton bearing a bow and a 14-point star known as the Bintang Persekutuan (Federal Star). The 14 stripes, of equivalent width, speak to the equivalent status in the alliance of the 13 part states and the government, while the 14 purposes of the star speak to the solidarity between these entities. The sickle speaks to Islam, the nations legitimate religion; the blue canton symbolizes the solidarity of the Malaysian individuals; the yellow of the star and bow is the illustrious shade of the Malay rulers. In blazon, the Malaysian banner is depicted as: A standard Gules, seven bars Argent; the canton Azure accused of excrescent and mullet of fourteen focuses Or. This signifies a warning with seven level white stripes; the upper-left (crane) quarter is blue with a yellow melting away bow (i.e. horns indicating vile) a nd a yellow 14-pointed star. The banner of Malaysia, which was initially raised on 16 September 1963, started from the banner of the Federation of Malaya. Preceding the making of the national banner, each state in Malaya had its own particular banner, a large number of which are unaltered in configuration right up til today. At the point when the Federation of Malaya supplanted the fleeting Malayan Union, the organization government through the Federal Legislative Council required a plan challenge for another banner. Three banners were sent to the general population. The main banner had 11 white stars with two Malay kris (knifes) in the center against a blue setting. The second banner concentric hover of 11 stars around crossed keris on a blue field. The third had 11 exchange red and white stripes and a yellow bow and a five-pointed star on a blue foundation in the upper left hand corner. The third plan, by Mohamad Hamzah of the Public Works Department, was picked as the champ through an open survey held by The Malay Mail.[4] Since Malaya was battling the communists amid the Malayan Emergency, the five-pointed star had an amusing similarity to the communists images. Accordingly, the star was altered to suit six more focuses. The Malayan banner was endorsed by King George VI on 19 May 1950 and was initially brought up before Istana Selangor on 26 May 1950. On 31 August 1957, it was raised upon autonomy at Merdeka Square set up of the British Union Flag. TRADATIONAL DISHES OF MALAYASIA The main traditional dishes of Malaysia is rice dishes Rice dishes Name Region Type Nasi goreng pattaya Peninsular Malaysia Rice dish Nasi kandar Penang Rice dish Nasi kerabu Kelantan, Terengganu Rice dish Nasi lemak Malaysia (Popular in Brunei, Singapore, Riau Islands and Southern Thailand) Rice dish National dish of Malaysia NATIONAL FOOD OF MALAYSIA Nasi lemak is a Malay fragrant rice dish cooked in coconut drain and pandan leaf. It is generally found in Malaysia, where it is viewed as the national dish; it is additionally prominent in neighboring nations, for example, Singapore; Indonesia (particularly in Eastern Sumatra), Brunei, and Southern Thailand. The religion of Malaysia Penang State Mosque in George Town, Penang. Malaysia is a multicultural and multiconfessional nation. As of the 2010 Population and Housing Census, 61.3 percent of the populace rehearses Islam; 19.8 percent Buddhism; 9.2 percent Christianity; 6.3 percent Hinduism; and 1.3 percent conventional Chinese religions. The rest of represented by different religions, including Animism, Folk religion, Sikhism and other conviction systems. Numbers of self-portrayed agnostics in Malaysia are few; the state has gone under feedback from human rights associations for its oppression atheists. Islam in Malaysia is spoken to by the Shafii adaptation of Sunni religious philosophy and jurisprudence.[3][4] Islam was presented by brokers landing from Arabia, China and India. It turned out to be solidly settled in the fifteenth century. The constitution makes Malaysia a common nation and ensures opportunity of religion, while building up Islam as the religion of the Federation to symbolize its significance to Malaysian society.[3][4] The ruler is for the most part observed as the shield of the confidence in the nation and individuals from the regal family may lose certain benefits in the event that they leave Islam and change over to another religion. Malaysian Chinese practice different beliefs: Mahayana Buddhism and the Chinese customary religion (counting Taoism). Hinduism is rehearsed by the greater part of Malaysian Indians. Christianity has built up itself in a few groups, particularly in East Malaysia. It is not fixing to a particular ethnic gathering. Different religions , for example, the Bahai Faith and Sikhism likewise have followers in Malaysia. Relations between various religious gatherings are for the most part very tolerant. Christmas, Chinese New Year, and Deepavali have been proclaimed national occasions close by Islamic occasions, for example, Muhammads birthday and so on. Different gatherings have been set up to attempt to advance religious comprehension among the diverse gatherings, with religious agreement seen as a need by Malaysian government officials. Be that as it may, Muslims are kept from changing over to different religions by law,[5] in spite of article 11 of the constitution pronouncing opportunity of religion. Limitations on religious flexibility exist, particularly for Muslims who are not permitted to lawfully change over to different religions, and are regularly constrained into recovery camps on the off chance that they endeavour to do. GEOGRAPHY OF MALASYIA The geography of Malaysia manages the physical and human geology of Malaysia, a Southeast Asian nation. There are two noteworthy parts to this nation, Peninsular Malaysia toward the west and East Malaysia toward the east, in extra various littler islands encompassing both landmasses. Peninsular Malaysia is arranged on the southernmost area of the Malay Peninsula, south of Thailand, north of Singapore and east of the Indonesian island of Sumatra; East Malaysia contains the majority of the northern piece of Borneo Island, with land outskirts imparted to Brunei toward the north and Indonesian Borneo toward the south. Geology HISTORY INFLUNCES    Malaysia is situated on the Sunda retire, and is structurally dormant. The most established shakes in the nation date from 540 million years back, and are generally sedimentary. The most widely recognized type of shake is limestone, framed amid the Paleozoic Era. Limestone set down in East Malaysia amid the Tertiary time frame has since dissolved, and such disintegration shapes bowls of sedimentary rocks rich in oil and regular gas. The mountain runs in Malaysia were framed through orogenesis starting in the Mesozoic era. The aggregate land territory of Malaysia is 329,613 square kilometers (127,260 sq mi), the 66th biggest nation on the planet as far as area.[6] It is the main nation to contain arrive on both terrain Asia and the Malay archipelago.[3] Peninsular Malaysia makes up 132,090 square kilometres (51,000 sq mi),[1] or 39.7% of the nations property region, while East Malaysia covers 198,847 square kilometres (76,780 sq mi), or 60.3%. From the aggregate land zone, 1,200 square kilometres (460 sq mi) or 0.37% is comprised of water, for example, lakes, waterways, or other inner waters. Malaysia has an aggregate coastline of 4,675 kilometres (2,905 mi), and Peninsular Malaysia has 2,068 kilometres (1,285 mi), while East Malaysia has 2,607 kilometres (1,620 mi) of coastline. Malaysia has the 29th longest coastline on the planet. The two particular parts of Malaysia, isolated from each other by the South China Sea, share a to a great extent comparative scene in that both West (Peninsular) and East Malaysia highlight beach front fields ascending to slopes and mountains. HIS Malaysia is a Southeast Asian nation situated on vital ocean path that opens it to worldwide exchange and remote culture. Hinduism from India and Buddhism from China overwhelmed early territorial history, achieving their crest amid the rule of the Sumatra-based Srivijaya civilisation, whose impact reached out through Sumatra, Java, the Malay Peninsula and quite a bit of Borneo from the seventh to the thirteenth hundreds of years. Despite the fact that Muslims had gone through the Malay Peninsula as right on time as the tenth century, it was not until the fourteenth century that Islam first solidly settled itself. The selection of Islam in the fourteenth century saw the ascent of various sultanates, the most noticeable of which was the Sultanate of Malacca. Islam affected the Malay individuals, yet has likewise been impacted by them. The Portuguese were simply the principal European pilgrim forces to build up themselves on the Malay Peninsula and Southeast Asia, catching Malacca i n 1511, trailed by the Dutch in 1641. In any case, it was the British who, after at first building up bases at Jesselton, Kuching, Penang and Singapore, at last secured their administration over the region that is currently Malaysia. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 characterized the limits between British Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies (which progressed toward becoming Indonesia). A fourth period of outside impact was migration of Chinese and Indian labourers to address the issues of the pioneer economy made by the British in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. Japanese intrusion amid World War II finished British mastery in Malaysia. The consequent control of Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak from 1942 to 1945 unleashed patriotism. In the Peninsula, the Malayan Communist Party waged war against the British. An extreme military reaction was expected to end the revolt and achieve the foundation of a free, multi-racial Federation of Malaya on 31 August 1957. On 31 August 1963, the British domains in North Borneo and Singapore were allowed autonomy and shaped Malaysia with the Peninsular states on 16 September 1963. Roughly two years after the fact, the Malaysian parliament passed a bill to separate Singapore from the Federation. A showdown with Indonesia happened in the mid 1960s. Race revolts in 1969 prompted the burden of crisis manage, and an abridgement of political life and common freedoms which has never been completely turned around. Since 1970 the National Front coalition headed by United Malays National Organization (UMNO) has administered Malaysia. Monetary development drastically expanded expectations for everyday comforts by the 1990s. This developing flourishing limited political discontent. SOCIO ECONOMIC Since 1957, Malaysias monetary improvement has been a record of development, change, and of basic change. More than 75 for each penny of its total national output (GDP) originate from the assembling and administrations segments. In any case, Malaysia is stuck in a centre salary trap and is confronting challenges on the financial and political front. In June 2010, Prime Minister Najib Razak disclosed the tenth Malaysian Plan (2011-15) to graph the improvement of Malaysia from a centre to high-wage country. This production speaks to a strategy situated stocktake and assessment by scholastics, policymakers, and b ements, display work-in-advance attempts, and a portion without bounds challenges confronting the country in its interest to accomplish a grew high-wage nation status. Business individuals on Malaysias accomplish. Independent company Sector in Kuala Lumpur According to the Small and Medium Enterprise Corporation Malaysia (SMECorp, 2011), a private company is characterized as a substance which: †¢ Employs less than 20 all day specialists and procures a yearly income of under RM1million (on the off chance that it is a specialist co-op), or †¢ Employs less than 50 all day labourers and wins under RM10 million (on the off chance that it is a producer). Thus, the independent company class likewise incorporates smaller scale organizations which are firms utilizing less than 5 all day labourers and gaining under RM200,000 per annum (specialist co-ops) or RM250,000 per annum (producers). Private ventures in Malaysia are typically either sole proprietorships or organizations, and family-run. Ventures upheld by these specialty units are for the most part administration situated, for example, retail, wellbeing and magnificence, neighbourhood exchanging, and neighbourliness. Particular sub-segments which are most well known incorporate sundry stores, magnificence salons, office supplies and inside enhancement, clothing, and eateries. The organizations must be enrolled with no less than two assemblages of specialist: the Companies Commission at the government level, and the civil chamber which controls their individual zones of operation for this situation, the Kuala Lumpur City Hall. There are likewise other related organizations in charge of their welfare, for example, †¢ The Small and Medium Enterprise Corporation, †¢ The Association of Small Businesses and Petty Traders, and †¢ Respective Members of Parliament. As of late the quantity of issues concerning independent ventures has risen in Malaysia, particularly exchanging without permit and red tape in the permit application prepare. Albeit national measurements concerning these issues are not promptly accessible, comparable perceptions about bureaucratic obstructions have been made by different specialists on Malaysian private companies (Saleh and Ndubisi, 2006; Syed et al., 2011). For example, Syed et al. (2011) find in their overview of 166 sustenance makers in M alaysia that bureaucratic obstructions come next just to budgetary hindrances as an obstacle to development among neighbourhood SMEs. To counter illicit exchanging, the experts have reacted with discontinuous attacks, reallocations and even lawful indictments, however the procedure has not been exceptionally powerful in battling the issue. While legislators consider presenting more reformatory measures, the brokers themselves trust that arrangements lie in more prominent adaptability and less Globalization and Socio-financial Development in Malaysia: Wither Small Businesses? Asian Journal of Business and Accounting, 5(1), 2012 113 organization. They contend that huge numbers of the issues can be effectively settled if applications are handled quicker and all the more straightforwardly. In spite of these issues, the segment remains an imperative part in Malaysias monetary condition. Private ventures represent 98 for every penny of aggregate organizations in Malaysia and the business openings they offer have contributed significantly to neediness decrease from 16.5 for each penny in 1990 to 5 for each penny in 2006 (UNDP, 2007). Sadly, in a few parts, the expansion in new businesses has not been joined by changes in execution. Because of expanding difficulties and dangers in a very focused condition, private ventures frequently think that its hard to manage their operations. The present review analyzes a standout amongst the most aggressive private venture areas in Malaysia, i.e. sustenance court operation. The administrators are entrepreneurs of eating outlets in shopping and office edifices, and additionally other open ranges, for example, healing facilities, transport and railroad stations, lodging bequests and recreational parks. They have a wide and changed client base, running from understudies to youthful officials to beneficiaries, every one of whom share a comparable inclination for helpful, sensibly evaluated, crisply cooked dinners. CULTURE OF MALASYIA Malaysias food mirrors the multiethnic cosmetics of its populace, and is characterized by its differences. Many societies from Malaysia and the encompassing ranges have significantly influenced Malaysian cooking, with solid impact from Malay, Chinese, and Indian, Thai, Javanese, and Sumatran foods. Expressions and music have a long convention in Malaysia, with Malay workmanship going back to the Malay sultanates. Customary craftsmanship was focused on fields, for example, cutting, silversmithing, and weaving. Islamic taboos confined fine art portraying people until the mid-twentieth century. Performing expressions and shadow manikin shows are prevalent, and frequently indicate Indian impacts. Different impacts can be found in design, from individual societies in Malaysia and from different nations. Extensive current structures have been manufactured, including the tallest twin structures on the planet, the Petronas Twin Towers. Malaysian music has an assortment of birthplaces, and is to a great extent based around percussion instruments. Much early Malaysian writing depended on Indian legends, which stayed unaltered even as Malays changed over to Islam; this has extended in late decades. English writing stayed limited to the higher class until the landing of the printing press. Privately made Chinese and Indian writing showed up in the nineteenth century. Cooking is regularly partitioned along ethnic lines, however a few dishes exist which have blended nourishments from various ethnicities. Each real religious gathering has its real blessed days proclaimed as official occasions. Official occasions vary by express; the most far reaching one is Merdeka day which commends the freedom of Malaya. Despite the fact that celebrations regularly come from a particular ethnic foundation, they are praised by all individuals in Malaysia. Conventional games are well known in Malaysia, while it has turned into a powerhouse in universal games, for example, badminton. Malaysia facilitated the Commonwealth Games in 1998, the main Commonwealth Games where the light went through a larger number of nations than England and the host. The Malaysian government has made the stride of characterizing Malaysian Culture through the 1971 National Culture Policy, which characterized what was viewed as official culture, basing it around Malay culture and coordinating Islamic impacts. This particularly influenced dialect; just Malay writings are viewed as official social writings. Government control over the media is solid, and most media outlets are identified with the legislature somehow. Background Malaysia comprises of two unmistakable topographical areas: Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia. Malaysia was framed when the Federation of Malaya converged with North Borneo (today the area of Sabah), Sarawak, and Singapore (withdrew 1965) in 1963,[1] and social contrasts amongst Peninsular and East Malaysia remain. Amid the arrangement of Malaysia, official power was vested in the Perikatan (later the Barisan Nasional) coalition of three racially based political gatherings, to be specific the United Malays National Organization (UMNO), Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), and Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC). UMNO has overwhelmed the coalition from its inception.   Although Islam is the official state religion, the Constitution of Malaysia ensures flexibility of religion. Ethnic groups Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multicultural, and multilingual society, and the numerous ethnic gatherings in Malaysia keep up isolated social identities.[5] The general public of Malaysia has been depicted as Asia in miniature.[6] The first culture of the region originated from its indigenous tribes, alongside the Malays who moved there in antiquated circumstances. Significant impact exists from the Chinese and Indian societies, going back to when exchange with those nations started in the region. Different societies that vigorously impacted that of Malaysia incorporate Persian, Arabic, and British. The structure of the legislature, alongside the racial adjust of force created by the possibility of a social contract, has brought about minimal impetus for the social osmosis of ethnic minorities in Malaya and Malaysia.[7] The administration has truly made little qualification between Malay culture and Malaysian culture. Arts Routine Malaysian workmanship is generally centred around the strengths of cutting, weaving, and silversmithing.[22] Traditional craftsmanship ranges from handwoven bushel from nation zones to the silverwork of the Malay courts. Ordinary gems included beautiful kris and bug nut sets. Rich materials known as Songket are made, and traditional planned batik surfaces. Indigenous East Malaysians are known for their wooden spreads. Malaysian craftsmanship has amplified similarly starting late, as before the 1950s Islamic taboos about drawing people and animals were strong.[23]Textiles, for instance, the batik, songket, pua kumbu, and tekat are used for improvements, habitually weaved with a canvas or case. Customary pearls was delivered utilizing gold and silver adorned with gems, and, in East Malaysia, calfskin and touches were used to a comparable effect. CULTURE OF MALASYIA The lifestyle of Malaysia draws on the changed social orders of the various people of Malaysia. The essential people to live in the zone were indigenous tribes that still remain; they were trailed by the Malays, who moved there from domain Asia in old conditions. Chinese and Indian social effects made their check when trade began with those countries, and extended with development to Malaysia. Distinctive social orders that overwhelmingly influenced that of Malaysia fuse Persian, Arabic, and British. The an extensive variety of ethnicities that at present exist in Malaysia have their own particular exceptional and unmistakable social identities, with some half breed. Expressions and music have a long tradition in Malaysia, with Malay workmanship backpedaling to the Malay sultanates. Ordinary workmanship was centred around fields, for instance, cutting, silversmithing, and weaving. Islamic taboos bound gem depicting individuals until the mid-twentieth century. Performing expressions a nd shadow puppet shows are notable, and consistently exhibit Indian effects. Distinctive effects can be found in outline, from individual social orders in Malaysia and from various countries. Unfathomable current structures have been built, including the tallest twin structures on the planet, the Petronas Twin Towers. Malaysian music has a grouping of beginning stages, and is by and large based around percussion instruments. Much early Malaysian composition relied on upon Indian adventures, which remained unaltered even as Malays changed over to Islam; this has reached out in late decades. English composition remained restricted to the higher class until the passage of the printing press. Secretly made Chinese and Indian written work appeared in the nineteenth century. ENVIRONMENT OF MALASYIA The earth of Malaysia alludes to the biotas and topographies that constitute the indigenous habitat of this Southeast Asian country. Malaysias biology is megadiverse, with a biodiverse scope of vegetation found in different ecoregions all through the nation. Tropical rainforests envelop between 59% to 70% of Malaysias aggregate land territory, of which 11.6% is pristine. Malaysia Has the worlds fifth biggest mangrove range, which adds up to over an a large portion of a million hectHuman intercession represents a critical risk to the regular habitat of this nation. Agribusiness, ranger service and urbanization add to the obliteration of woodlands, mangroves and other flourishing biological systems in the country. Ecosystems and scenes are drastically modified by human improvement, including the development of streets and damming of rivers.[6] Geographical wonders, for example, avalanches and flooding in the Klang Valley, alongside murkiness, come from far reaching deforestation. Inconspicuous environmental change happens as an immediate consequence of air contamination and the nursery impact, which thusly is brought on by the emanation of nursery gasses. Low-lying ranges close to the ares (more than 1.2 million acres).   Coastline of Sabah and Sarawak are under risk from ebb and flow ocean level rise. CLIMATE Malaysia lies along the main parallel north to the seventh parallel north circles of degree, by and large proportional to Roraima (Brazil), the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya. As showed by the Kà ¶ppen air portrayal structure, Malaysia has a tropical rainforest air due to its closeness to the equator. The country is hot and sticky enduring as the year progressed, with a typical temperature of 27  °C (80.6  °F) and no change in the yearly temperature. The country experiences two tempest seasons, the Northeast Monsoon and the Southwest Monsoon. The Northeast Monsoon passes on generous precipitation toward the east shore of Peninsular Malaysia and western Sarawak, while the Southwest Monsoon infers dryer conditions all through the country except for Sabah. In the midst of the Southwest Monsoon, most states experience immaterial precipitation as a result of the steady aerates and cools in the region and the Sumatran mountain run, which accomplishes the rain shadow affect . Sabah experiences more precipitation in perspective of the tail effect of tempests in the Philippines. The urban warmth island effect is achieved by overdevelopment and general human activities in the urban groups of Malaysia. Malaysia possesses over a thousand sorts of fowls, vertebrates, snakes and frightening little animals. It is possible to spot exceptional animal species in the midst of experiencing Malaysia. For instance, elephants, orangutans, tigers, panthers, monkeys, rhinos, Malaysian sun bears, crocodiles, and ungulates occur in Malaysia INNOVATION OF MALASYIA Malaysia is viewed as an upper centre wage nation. The Najib Razak coalition government appraises that 6% yearly development is important to achieve high-wage status by 2020. This is a fairly higher rate than both the normal for the earlier decade and the World Banks projection for 2016 and 2017 of around 4.2% development. A more prominent concentrate on development will be important to reach [the governments] objective. Advancement for comprehensive and manageable improvement has as of late turned into a generally talked about range of open arrangement. Elements, for example, low homestead efficiency, expanding wellbeing related issues, cataclysmic events, natural issues and fiscal swelling were viewed as the key focuses to address. In 2014, the administration propelled transdisciplinary explore gifts with the goal of including societal advantages among the execution criteria at Malaysias exploration colleges and giving motivators to advance science in support of neediness easing an d feasible development. On 16 November 2016, Malaysia confirmed the Paris Agreement. As per the World Resources Institute, Malaysia contributed around 0.9% of worldwide nursery gas emanations in 2012, considering land-utilize changes and ranger service. In spite of the fact that Malaysia stays focused on decreasing its carbon emanations by 40% by 2020 more than 2012 levels, as promised by the Malaysian leader at the atmosphere summit in Warsaw in 2013, it confronts developing supportability challenges. In January 2014, Selangor, the most created of Malaysias unified states, experienced water deficiencies. These were brought about by high contamination levels and the drying of stores as an outcome of abuse. Arrive clearing and deforestation is as yet real worries, because of avalanches and populace relocations. Malaysia is the worlds second-greatest maker of palm oil Improvement of endogenous research. The legislature is quick to create endogenous research, to lessen the nations dependence on modern research  embraced by outside multinational organizations. By financing graduate review, the administration multiplied enrolment in PhD programs in the vicinity of 2007 and 2010 to 22,000. It has likewise acquainted motivating forces with urge ostracizes to come back to Malaysia through the Returning Expert Program and plans to wind up distinctly the 6th biggest goal for worldwide college understudies by 2020. It is trusted that the making of the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015 will s upport logical co-operation among part countries. The making of these examination colleges came about because of the administrations advanc

state nullification Essay -- essays research papers

Impact of a State’s Right to Nullification   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Impact of a State’s Right to Nullification   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The impact of a state’s right to nullification can ultimately cause a great deal of damage to the country that it resides in. To describe the impacts one would need to take a look back into history when the Nullification Crisis took place. South Carolina had economic hard times after the war of 1812. Cotton prices started to drop and South Carolina was in a state of depression. Southerners however tend to blame their economic woes on the policies of the national government. (Goode 87). The Tariff of Abominations was a series of high taxes that was placed on incoming foreign goods. The South disagreed with this proposal because they thought that the federal government was trying to tax one part of the country to benefit the wealth of another which is the North. Thomas Cooper, the president of the South Carolina College said â€Å"Is it worth while to continue in this union of states, where the north demands to be our masters and we are required to be their tributaries.†(Goode 89) John C. Calhoun being Vice President and was from South Carolina strongly disagreed with this Tariff of Abominations. He even wrote â€Å"South Carolina Exposition† which used the constitution as an argument against the tariff. Then, there was the Haynes and Webster Debate. They both defended and attacked on the Nullification topic in congress. In 1832 Congress released another tariff that replaced the Tariff of Abominations, but the South Carolinians weren’t still happy. The climax of this nullification swirl happened at Jackson’s birthday dinner where everyone gathered to give speeches. Andrew told everybody in that room what he thought of State Nullification with one simple line: â€Å"Our Union, It must be preserved† (Goode 88). The Congress continued with passing a Force Bill that would allow President Jackson to use force to regulate the tariff laws. To clean this mess up and to avoid civil war, both sides decided to co mpromise due to a plan drawn up by Henry Clay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hard times in South Carolina   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  South Carolina was a state that was hit hard by the ... ...t got turned into a civil war because one state did not agree with the government. If it wasn’t for Clay to draw up the bill, South Carolina would have seceded from the Union and Civil World would have come earlier. All these events will eventually lead to bloodshed and that’s the last thing we want. Work Cited Bassett, Joseph M. â€Å"Encyclopedia of American Government† Pasadena, California 1975: 671 Benton, William â€Å"The Annuls of America† New York 1968: 232 Goode, Stephen â€Å"The New Federalism† New York 1983: 87 - 92 MacDonald, William â€Å"The American Nation a History, the Jacksonian Democracy† New York 1909: 67 – 88 National Urban League – Quasi Judicial Agencies â€Å"Dictionary of American History† New York 1976: 125 Shaw, Ronald E. Bremer, Howard F. â€Å"Andrew Jackson 1767 – 1845 â€Å" Dobbs Ferry, New York 1969: 59 Schlesinger, Arthur M. â€Å"The Age of Jackson† Boston 1945: 15 Schlesinger, Arthur M. â€Å"The Age of Jackson† New York 1945: 34, 403, 95-96 Stamp, Kenneth M. â€Å"The Causes of the Civil War† New York 1959: 68 http://web9.epnet.com/DeliveryPrintSave.asp?tb=1&_ug==5970ADF3-526D-4D75-ADE http://www.fofweb.com/History/HisRefMain.asp?SID=3&DataType=AmericanHistory&R

King Phillip And Puwblo Revolt:compare And Contrast Essay -- essays re

5 years and nearly an entire continent separated King Philip’s war from the great pueblo revolt. Compare and contrast the causes and consequences of these 2 conflicts. The Great Pueblo revolt of 1680 all started with the droughts of 1660 when the Southwest had severe drought that brought famine and disease. During this, hungry Apaches who couldn’t find food on plains attacked the pueblos. This angered the people on the pueblos, but there new leader Pope’, a mysterious medicine doctor, tried to keep the Indian beliefs around and resisted the Christian religion. The Spaniards hated this, so they captured his older brother. This enraged Pope’ against the Spaniards so he held meetings to tell everybody that the Spaniards must leave. The Spaniards found out about this and arrested Pope, publicly flogged him and released him back to the pueblos. When he was captured, the pueblo people set fires in the Indian villages in New Mexico. To take care of the fires, the Spaniards sent troops to halt the ritual of setting the fires by pueblo people, and they arrested all of the medicine doctors, killing several of them. The people believed th at the doctors protected them from evil, so all of the pueblo towns wanted to unite against the Spaniards. The group from the pueblos went to the governor of Santa Fe and told him that if the doctors that were imprisoned weren’t released by sundown, all of the Spaniards in New Mexico would be killed. They released the prisoners because the Indians outnumber the Spaniards by a huge amount.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hate and anger was spreading throughout the pueblos concerning the Spaniards power in New Mexico. There was a small skirmish in Santa Fe that the Indians won, but Pope said they needed more than that. He wanted Indian organization, leadership, and a magic spark with which to set the country aflame. He traveled to each pueblo and won their loyalty during secret meetings he held. He wanted each pueblo to strengthen the courage of their Indians by cleansing the ranks of informers. He suspected his son-in-law as being as a spy for the Spaniards, so they killed him. The Spaniards found out about this and went looking for Pope, but he hid in the Taos Pueblo.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In midsummer 1680, Pope said the time was now for a revolt. Pope used his mystical powers to summon 3 native Gods to his secret chamber.... ...n’t find any alliances. Phillip attacked anyway, starting King Phillip’s War. After the attack, the Nipmucks and the Mohicans joined him by burning several English cities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In spring 1676, Phillip attacked Massachusetts and lower Rhode Island. All of the Indians from Phillip’s tribe were helping him, except for the praying Indians who were on the English side. Phillip relocated all of the praying Indians to Dear Island, while he continued his conquest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alderman, one of the praying Indians, knew of Phillips whereabouts and told the English where he was. The English killed Phillip and let Alderman keep Phillip’s hand in a bucket of rum so he could show everybody. His head was severed and placed in a cage in Plymouth for everybody to see.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war resulted in 1/6th of the entire white population was killed, a cost of 90,000 pounds of sterling, and 25 English towns abandoned or destroyed. The fighting continued until 1678, when only 6 Indian villages remained in Maine, with only praying Indians surviving. The wars also freed up a lot of land for English Settlements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Recollecting Childhood Memories

I went through my childhood with more happy memories than sad ones. Unfortunately, the dramatic and sad experiences stand out more in my memory bank. However among my childhood  memories  I remember a certain experience. back in my native place when I was a child of about six years age. My dad had promised me that if I finish my homework early for the day, he would take me to the exhibition. Back at that time exhibitions were rare in our city, and it only happened once or twice in a year.So, I was really excited and pumped up to go. After I did all of my work, I waited patiently for my dad to come home from work. Minutes felt like hours and finally he arrived from work. By seeing the excitement in my face, he knew that I have done everything that he wanted me to do. My dad kept his word and took me to the exhibition. Because our city was pretty small, exhibition was a huge event for the people of our city.People from near and outside of the city come here to enjoy and have a grea t time. It was my first time to the naval exhibition or rather to any exhibition and I was really happy that my parents were with me. At that time, there was a large crowd at the place. Even though the exhibition happens only once or twice, I never expected such a large gathering. I being a six year old had never seen such a large gathering at one place. In fact before getting into the exhibition my dad said to me, I love you.

Macbeth vs. Henry V Essay

Shakespeare’s play Macbeth shows the roots of all evil, our own human nature. The play is centered on the coexistence of good and evil. Macbeth, unlike any other Shakespeare play has the protagonist convert to evil. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth is shown as a hero in the Scottish army, that is ironic because Macbeth defeats a traitor and he himself becomes one later. Macbeth knows his place in the world. He is fully capable of distinguishing between right and wrong. Macbeth purposely disregards his own moral judgment to rise to power which is again ironic and goes against his own beliefs. Macbeth stands as a symbol for Satan’s sin of ambition. Like Satan, Macbeth’s thirst for power and ambition drives him to commit evil.Contrary to the theory of supernatural forces he is responsible for his own actions. The Three Witches and Lady Macbeth were only influencing factors in Macbeth’s demise. Macbeth was pressured to do a horrible deed which was driven by evil. The beginning of the evil was rooted in his wife and the witch’s but quickly spread into his mind and heart. The Three played a part in predicting the evilness of Macbeth which is known as the prophecy and Macbeth receives it from them. After receiving this prophecy, Macbeth starts to transform into an evil man who will not let anything stand in his way. For instance, when Macbeth is questioning whether or not he should murder Duncan, Lady Macbeth fools Macbeth into thinking about how any real man would commit the murder. She quotes â€Å"What beast was’t/ then, / that made you break this enterprise to me? / When you durst do it, then you were a man; / and to be more than what you were, you would/ be so much more the man† (Act 1 scene vii lines 53-58).she sees the opportunity to kill Duncan and make Macbeth king. She knows Macbeth’s ambitions, but says he lacks the ruthlessness, and although Macbeth will take an opportunity, he wants to earn his honours honestly. He also knows the murder would be wrong and he would end up paying for it. Macbeth makes a firm statement saying that â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business†(I.vii.32). But after speaking with Lady Macbeth he counter d ecides and proclaims, â€Å"I am settled, and bend up/Each corporal agent to this terrible feat†. Macbeth now proclaims himself king, fore-filling his ambition. Macbeth’s guilt is recognized after the killing of the king; when he is unable to answer himself. Macbeth’s final words in this scene tell us he has committed himself to the path of evil. â€Å"I am in blood, stepped in so far that, should I wade no more, returning was as  tedious as go o’er.† He acknowledges his torturous pain and knows there is no way of stopping it. He has ruined his life forever. Macbeth now doesn’t have a place among the others. He became enraged as he knew that that was true but later accepted it by going to meet with his own evil kind, the witches. Macbeth becomes ruthless and kills at will without feeling guilt. He is now a tyrant, ruling with fear until the bitter end. The thought that one can use language, rather than the conventional brute strength exemplified by Hercules and Beowulf, to achieve a beneficial outcome can be supported by Henry’s character in William Shakespeare’s Henry V. King Henry V assumes his role as king after the death of his father, Henry IV. Prior to ascending the throne, Harry, as his friends call him, was known for his debauchery. Harry was an immature prince, but as the King of England, he suddenly becomes mature and wise. Henry’s bishops convince him of his right and duty to acquire the throne of France. Soon, Britain is preparing for war and fully supporting their king in his pursuit of the French crown. Henry’s powerful words prove his ability to rouse his troops and frighten the enemy. Unlike more traditional heroes, Henry’s heroism is not shown in battle, but rather before the battle. Because Henry is able to put fear into the enemy with his threatening messages, the opposing army may not fight as well as one might expect. As seen at Harfleur, the governor surrenders to save the lives of the citizens.The speech that Henry makes demonstrates Henry’s clever tactics with his enemies. The king does this so that the governor will surrender and Henry can conquer Harfleur without a bloody battle. Although his speech sounds menacing, a quality not found in the characteristics of a hero, it is only a tactic Henry uses to achieve the outcome he wants. Henry’s reluctance to make good on his promise of this massacre is proven when he states, â€Å"use mercy to them all† (III.3. 54). Henry is not the monster he appears to be; instead, he is a leader using any method he can to gain land while keeping his troops out of harm’s way. At the final Battle of Agincourt, Henry’s ragged army expresses concern about their odds against the French; the British are outnumbered five to one. Henry’s Cousin Westmoreland. Henry, being the talented rhetorician that he is, soothes the army’s fears by delivering the inspirational speech: â€Å"[†¦] If we are marked to die, we are now To do our country loss; and if to live,  The fewer men, the greater share of honor. [†¦]But if it be a sin to covet honor, I am the most offending soul alive.† (IV.3. 21-30). Henry explains that there is a certain amount of honor to go around once the British defeat the French. It is fortunate of those soldiers that are at the battle that they do not have to share that honor with men who are fearful and therefore unworthy of honor. Henry says that honor is most important to him and that it should also be important to his army. The soldiers, feeling a renewed sense of purpose, will go into battle and claim that honor – not just for their king, but for England as well Henry explains what the British do Will stand a-tiptoe when this day is named this day, and comes safe home, on this day will be with them for the rest of their lives: He that outlives And rouse him at the name of Crispian [†¦ ]The he will strip his sleeve and show his scars, [And say, ‘These wounds I had on Crispian’s Day.’]†¦. (IV.3. 42-52). What feats he did that day.† Henry somewhat shows his softer side by expressing concern for his troops. Henry tells them he knows some will die, but those who survive will be well respected for the rest of their lives. With the reward of greatness being dangled in front of him, a speech like this can sway even the most fearful soldier into becoming the fiercest fighter. It can be argued that Henry is not a hero at all because he is fighting a meaningless war and that lives are being lost for no reason. While that might be true in one’s opinion, Henry’s opinion is quite different. Henry believes this war is for the greater good. If the British win the war, they gain land and Henry attains the crown of France he believes he deserves. Henry and the British people believe this war is justified; they cannot be faulted for doing what they believe in. Henry satisfies the qualities in the definition of a hero in using his masterful rhetoric. Henry has fought an impossible war against the French. In the final battle, the British were greatly outnumbered, but managed to escape with minimal casualties. The French, however, were not as fortunate and lost a total of ten thousand. This embarrassing defeat of the French proves just how effective Henry’s speech was in improving the morale of his doubtful army. Henry’s coldness and ruthlessness are masks that hide a man who would do anything to protect his countrymen. He uses scare tactics in his rhetoric to belittle the enemy while at the same time inspiring his men.  Remember, the definition of a hero states that bravery and firmness in any course of action qualifies one for the classification as a hero. Henry’s bravery and firmness are represented in his words, rather than his sword, therefore proving him to be a rhetorical hero. Of the two heroes Henry the V and Macbeth the more intelligent and ruthless is Henry because Macbeth was always cautious about making his decisions and needed the help[ of his wife who played the leading role in taking decisions be it to murder someone or to plot plans to get the throne. She was the more stronger person therefore she took the decisions as to what to do. Henry on the other hand did everything on his own and never liked the interference of anyone in his plotting.